Class 7 Science Lakmir Shingh

 Reproduction in plants

(6) Ans:- yeast

(7) Ans:- Vegetative propagation by Stems.

(8) Ans:- Budding.

(9) Ans:- Fragmentation.

(10) Ans:- Spore formation

(11) Ans:- (a) Sexual Reproduction

(b) Asexual reproduction.

(12) Ans:- (a) Sexual Reproduction

(b) Asexual reproduction.

(13) Ans:- Paddy, Wheat.

(14) Ans:- Rose, Brophyllum.

(15) Ans:-a) Yeast

(b) Bread Mould.

(16) Ans:- Coconut.

(17) . Ans:- Xanthium.

(18) Ans:- In Flower Plants reproductive organ located.

(19) Ans:- (a) Stamen

(b) Pistil.

(20) Ans:- Drumstick, Maple.

(21) Ans:- Madar, Sunflower.

(22) Ans:- Grasses.

(23) Ans:- (a) Pollen- Male part of plant.

(b) Ovules- female part of plant

(24) Ans:- Pollen grains.

(25) Ans:- (a) Male Gamets or Male Sex Cells.

(b) Female Gamets or Female Sex Cells.

(26) Ans:- (a) Pollination

(b) Fertilisation.

(27) Ans:- Zygote.

(28) Ans:- Ovary.

(29) Ans:- (a) False

(b) True

(30) Fill in the blanks:

Ans. (a) Unisexual

(d) Female; Male.

(e) Seed; Fruit.

(f) Reproductive

(g) Sexual

(h) Zygote

(i) Zygote

(j) Embryo

(k) Root; Stem.

(l) Wind; Water; Animal

(m) Animal; Water.

Short answer type questions Solution:

(31) Ans:- (a) Three agents which can carry out pollination are Insects, Wind, and Water.

(b) Three agents are wind, water, animals.

(32) What is pollination in column I with those in column II

Ans:-

Column I Column II

(i) Bud (c) Yeast

(ii) Eyes (e) Potato

(iii) Fragmentation (b) Spirogyra

(iv) Wings (a) Maple

(v) Spores (d) Bread Mould

(34) Ans:- (a) The flowers which contain only one reproductive organ are called unisexual flowers.

The flowers which contain both the reproductive organs are called bisexual flowers.

(b) Two plants which have Unisexual flowers:- Papaya, Watermelon.

(c) Two plants which have bisexual flowers:- rose, mustard.

(35) Ans:- The seed contains embryo and food for developing new plant.

Two plants are castor and balsam.

(36) Ans:- The vegetative parts of a plant are Stem, Roots, Leaves.

(37) Ans:- The breaking up of the body of a plant into two or more pieces on maturing each of which subsequently grows to form a new plant is called fragmentation.

One plant which reproduces through fragmentation is Algae.

(38) Ans:- Bryophyllum plants can be reproduced from its leaves.

(39) Ans:- A cut part of a potato with a bud can grow into a new potato plant.

(40) Ans:- Two advantages of vegetative propagation in plants are:-

(a) The new plants produced by vegetative propagation take much less time to grow and bear flowers and fruits as compared to the plants grown from seeds.

(b) The new plants produced by vegetative propagation are exactly like the parent plant.

(41) Ans:- Plants such as ferns and mosses reproduce by means of spores.

(42) Ans:- Stamen is the male reproductive organ of the plant.

Pistil is the female reproductive organ of the plant.

(43) Ans:- The difference between self pollination and cross pollination are:-

When the pollen grains from the anther of a flower are transferred to the stigma of the same flower it is called self pollination. Whereas

When the pollen grains from the anther of a flower on one plant are transferred to the stigma of a flower on another similar plant it is called cross pollination.

(44) Ans:- The insects carry pollen from flower to flower and help in pollination.

(45) Ans:- Fertilization takes place after pollination. Afterthat the pollen grain develops a tube called pollen tube which carriers male germ cells to the ovary. The male germ cells fuses with the female germ cell in the ovary and forms zygote. The Zygote further forms the embryo. The embryo develops a protective coating and forms seed. Then the ovary forms a fruit with seed in it.

46) Ans:- The process in which the male gamete present in pollen grain fuses (joins) with the female gamete present in ovule to form a new cell called zygote is called fertilization.

How the Process of fertilization take place in flowers:-

When pollen falls on stigma, it germinates and gives rise to a pollen tube that passes through the style and reaches the ovary of a pistil.

When the pollen tube reaches an ovule, it releases the male gametes. A male gamete fuses with a female gamete in the ovule. The cell which is formed after the fusion of a male and a female gamete is known as zygote.

This zygote divides several times in order to form the embryo present inside the seed. In this way the process of fertilization take place in flowers.

(47) Ans:- The sexual reproduction in plants involves the combination of male and female gametes of the plant which leads to the formation of the seeds of the plant. These seeds can be used to grow new plants.

(48) Ans:- The seeds or fruits which are dispersed by wind either have wing like structures or having air or they are very small and weightless.

Five’s are:- Drumstick; Maple; Madar; Sunflower, Cotton.

(49) Ans:- (a) Drumstick- By wind.

(b) Xanthium- By Animal.

(c) Castor- By an Explosive Mechanism.

(d) Maple- By wind.

(50) Ans:- If all the seeds of a plant were to fall at the same place below the plant and grow there therefore overcrowding will happened as well as plants cant be grow properly as they are not getting enough water and minerals for being at the same place.

(51) Ans:- This seeds or fruits which are dispersed by water develop ‘floating ability’ in the form of spongy or fibrous outer coats.

Two Example:- Water lily plant and Coconut.

54) Ans:- This seeds or fruits having hooks on their surface. That’s why they get attached to the hairy bodies of the passing animals and carried away to distant place.

Example: Xanthium; Urena.

(55) Ans:- (a) Madar (Aak)- Hairy seed.

(b) Sunflower- Seed.

(c) Urena- Animals.

(d) Balsam- Explosive Mechanism.

(56) Ans:- Function Of Flower:- The function of a flower is to make male and female gametes and to ensure that fertilization will take place to make seeds for growing new plants.

Flowers Generally So colorful and fragrant:

Flowers are the reproductive part of plant. They need vector which to transfer their pollen grains . So, for attracting insects , animals , human they are so colourful.

If they are not so colourful and fragrant and sweet smelling then no one attracts towards flower and the pollen grains are not transfer from one to another flower and then the flower are not able to show reproduction. If there is no reproduction then there is no fruit formation in plant. And This reason it generally so colorful and fragrant.

(57) Ans:- (a) Reproduction:- The production of new organisms from the existing organisms of the same species is called reproduction.

Two type of methods of reproduction in plants are Sexual and Asexual reproduction.

(b) Vegetative Propagation:- In vegetative propagation new plants are produced from the parts of old plants like stems, roots or leaves.

Two plants are Potato, Bryophyllum.

(58) Ans:- (a) Asexual Reproduction:- The production of new plants from existing plants without the involvement of gametes.

Example: Dahlia, Sugarcane.

(b) Sexual Reproduction:- The production of new plants from existing plants by the fusion of their gametes.

Example: Wheat, Gram.

(59) Ans:- (a) The difference between Asexual and Sexual Reproduction are:

The production of new plants from existing plants without the involvement of gametes called Asexual Reproduction whereas The production of new plants from existing plants by the fusion of their gametes called sexual reproduction.

The various method of Asexual reproduction are:-

(a) Vegetative Propagation.

(b) Budding

(c) Fragmentation

(d) Spore formation.

(b) cuttings method for the propagation of rose plants:

Cutting is removing a portion of the stem and fixing it in the soil to allow the growth of roots and buds growing into shoots.

In many plants stems are cut into small pieces and placed in moist soil to grow a number of plants of the same type. They strike root at the base and the adventitious roots grow up into shoots.

(60) Ans:- (a) Seed Dispersal means to scatter seeds over a wide area.

Seed Dispersal is beneficial because:-

(i) It prevents the overcrowding of plants in an area.

(ii) It prevents the competition for water, minerals and Sunlight among the same kind of plants.

(b) The various ways by which seed are dispersed:

(i) Dispersal of Seeds by Wind: This seeds have wing like structure or they have hair or they are very small or light which is beneficial to carried away by the wind.

(ii) Dispersal of Seeds by Water:- They have spongy or fibrous coat outside, that’s why they are easily float by water.

(iii) Dispersal of Seeds by Animals:- This seeds have hooks on their surface by which they get attached to the hairy bodies of the passing animals and carried away to far of places.

Learning About Global Sufism

 

TYPES OF NETWORKS

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Master _____________________________________ of class X of Techno India Group Public School, Coochbehar, has completed his/her project under my supervision.

He/She has taken proper care and shown utmost sincerity in completion of this project. I certify that this project is upto my expectations and as per guidelines issued by CBSE.

Mr. 

(Subject Teacher/Head of the Department)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher ________________________ as well as our principal Madam _______________________________ who gave me the golden opportunity to do this project on the topics Network Architecture of our Computer Lab which also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new things. I am really thankful to them.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within limited time frame.

Date: _________________

Name: _____________________________________________________________

Class: X Section: 

Roll No.(Board’s):_____________________________________________________

CONTENTS

Sl. No                   TITLE                          PAGE NO

1. INTRODUCTION

2. TYPES OF NETWORKS 

3. Some of the advantages associated with networking are: 

4. Basic computer network components

5. Layout of our Computer LAB

6. Bibliography

Network Architecture of our Computer Lab.

Introduction:

A computer network is a collection of computers and other hardware components interconnected by communication channels (cables or satellites) that allow sharing of resources and information.

Networks are designed using the following architecture:

PEER-TO-PEER (P2P) ARCHITECTURE: 

Networks in which all computers have an equal status are called peer to peer networks. Generally in such a network each terminal has an equally competent CPU.

CLIENT-SERVER ARCHITECTURE: 

Networks in which certain computers have special dedicated tasks, providing services to other computers (in the network) are called client server networks. The computer(s) which provide services are called servers and the ones that use these services are called clients.

TYPES OF NETWORKS 

There are two major types of network Local Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN). 

 LOCAL AREA NETWORK 

A local area network (LAN) is one which connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area such as home, school, computer laboratory, office building, or closely positioned group of buildings. 

Usually local area networks offer very high speeds and are used for connecting computers and peripherals such as printers, scanners, etc. 

 WIDE AREA NETWORK 

A wide area network (WAN) is one which covers a broad area (i.e., any network that links across metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries). The Internet is the most popular WAN, and is used by businesses, governments, non-profit organizations, individual consumers, artists, entertainers, and many others.

Some of the advantages associated with networking are: 

•Data Sharing: One of the most important uses of networking is to allow the sharing of data. 

•Files Transfer: Users can send text files, spread sheets, documents, presentations, audio files, video files, etc. to other users. 

•Hardware Sharing: Hardware components such as printers, scanners, etc. can also be shared. For example, instead of purchasing 10 printers for each user, one printer can be purchased and shared among multiple users thus saving cost. 

•Internet Access Sharing: You can purchase a single Internet connection and share it among other computers in a network instead of purchasing multiple Internet connection for each computer. This is very commonly found in Internet café (browsing centres), schools, colleges, companies, etc. 

•Usage of network based applications: Such as web browsers, email clients, chat application, audio & video calling, etc. is another advantage.

Basic computer network components

Network components

Servers,   Client,  Router, switch, and PCs

Ethernet cable

Computer networks share common devices, functions, and features including servers, clients, transmission media, shared data, shared printers and other hardware and software resources, network interface card(NIC), local operating system(LOS), and the network operating system (NOS).

Servers - Servers are computers that hold shared files, programs, and the network operating system. Servers provide access to network resources to all the users of the network. There are many different kinds of servers, and one server can provide several functions. For example, there are file servers, print servers, mail servers, communication servers, database servers, fax servers and web servers, to name a few. Sometimes it is also called host computer, servers are powerful computer that store data or application and connect to resources that are shared by the user of a network.

Clients - Clients are computers that access and use the network and shared network resources. Client computers are basically the customers(users) of the network, as they request and receive services from the servers. These days, it is typical for a client to be a personal computer that the users also use for their own non-network applications.

Transmission Media - Transmission media are the facilities used to interconnect computers in a network, such as twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, and optical fiber cable. Transmission media are sometimes called transmission medium channels, links or lines.

Shared data - Shared data are data that file servers provide to clients such as data files, printer access programs and e-mail.

Shared printers and other peripherals - Shared printers and peripherals are hardware resources provided to the users of the network by servers. Resources provided include data files, printers, software, or any other items used by clients on the network.

Network Interface Card - Each computer in a network has a special expansion card called a network interface card (NIC). The NIC prepares(formats) and sends data, receives data, and controls data flow between the computer and the network. On the transmit side, the NIC passes frames of data on to the physical layer, which transmits the data to the physical link. On the receiver's side, the NIC processes bits received from the physical layer and processes the message based on its contents.

Local Operating System - A local operating system allows personal computers to access files, print to a local printer, and have and use one or more disk and CD drives that are located on the computer. Examples are MS-DOS, Unix, Linux, Windows 2000, Windows 98, Windows XP etc. The network operating system is the software of the network. It serves a similar purpose that the OS serves in a stand-alone computer

Network Operating System - The network operating system is a program that runs on computers and servers that allows the computers to communicate over the network.

Hub - Hub is a device that splits a network connection into multiple computers. It is like a distribution center. When a computer requests information from a network or a specific computer, it sends the request to the hub through a cable. The hub will receive the request and transmit it to the entire network. Each computer in the network should then figure out whether the broadcast data is for them or not.

Switch - Switch is a telecommunication device grouped as one of computer network components. Switch is like a Hub but built in with advanced features. It uses physical device addresses in each incoming messages so that it can deliver the message to the right destination or port.

Unlike a hub, switch doesn't broadcast the received message to entire network, rather before sending it checks to which system or port should the message be sent. In other words, switch connects the source and destination directly which increases the speed of the network. Both switch and hub have common features: Multiple RJ-45 ports, power supply and connection lights.

Router - When we talk about computer network components, the other device that used to connect a LAN with an internet connection is called Router. When you have two distinct networks (LANs) or want to share a single internet connection to multiple computers, we use a Router. In most cases, recent routers also include a switch which in other words can be used as a switch. You don’t need to buy both switch and router, particularly if you are installing small business and home networks. There are two types of Router: wired and wireless. The choice depends on your physical office/home setting, speed and cost.

LAN Cable A local area Network cable is also known as data cable or Ethernet cable which is a wired cable used to connect a device to the internet or to other devices like computer, printers, etc.

Layout of our Computer LAB

Study report of our Computer Lab

Sl.No.

Types

Description

1.        Number of Computers       24 with inbuilt NIC

2.        Type Ethernet Cable            Cat 6

3.         Number of Switches            Prolink 24-Port

Digilink 5-port

4.          Type of Network                  LAN

5.         Topology used                        Star Topology

Bibliography

Information Technology – KIPS Book.

Information Technology – NCERT Book.

https://en.wikiversity.org/ 

https://www.google.co.in

Consumer Rights Project class 10

Consumer Rights

Name- 

Class -

Roll no. -

Acknowledgement

I would like to convey my heartiest thanks to our Economics teacher __________ and to our principal __________, for their constant support and indigenious ideas. They have helped me a lot in completion this project.

Secondly, I would like to thank my fellow classmates, my parents and also my friends, who have helped me out regarding any problem that I faced in preparing this project. They provided me with their valuable suggestions and guidance in this project.

INDEX

Step 1 Front page.

Step 2 Topic name.

Step 3 Index

Step 4 Introduction.

Step 5 Objectives

Step 6 Who are the consumers?

Step 7 Consumer Protection and the common problems faces by Consumers in the Market.

Step 8 Consumer Movement in India.

Step 9 Consumer Protection Act 1986

1. Three Tier System.

2. Consumer Rights.

Step 10 Learning to Become a Well Informed Consumer.

1. Consumer Responsibilities.

2. Quality Standard Marks.

Step 11 Conclusion

INTRODUCTION 

Today, we go to market and buy a variety of goods and avail services in our day-to-day life. For the same, we pay money and derive satisfaction by consuming them. But sometimes, we feel dissatisfied due to poor quality, high prices, false promises, made in advertisements, hidden information, costs, etc., and so on. This is done because we are, not aware of our rights as a consumer.

Therefore, the need for consumer awareness was coined by the Western World in the 1960s. It is a social force designed to protect the interest of the consumers by organizing the consumers to bring pressure on the business community to heed their say. Moreover, The pressure may be moral, legal, or economic. It is a combined effort of the consumers to seek redressal of their grievances adversely affecting their standard of living. It is the protest against unfair business practices and injustices. Understand the significance of Consumer Rights as a crucial aspect of consumer protection. Gain insights into the importance of informed choices and responsible consumer behavior.

The objective of the project is to

•Reduce consumer exploitation by making them aware, of their rights as a consumer.

• Providing complete knowledge about a particular product to potential customers.

• To provide complete and adequate knowledge to the customer.

• Prohibit the customers from taking any wrong decisions.

• Analyze the suitability of the product with particular buyers.

• Interpret the needs of the customers more efficiently.

• Achieve maximum satisfaction of the buyers and customers.

 Who is a Consumer?

Under the Consumer Protection Act, a consumer is defined as:

Any person who buys any goods for a consideration, which has been paid or promised, or partly, paid and partly promised, or under any scheme of deferred payment. It includes any user of such, goods when such use is made with the approval of the buyer but does not include a person who obtains goods for resale or any other commercial purpose.

Any person who hires or avails of any service, for a consideration which has been paid or promised, or partly paid and partly promised, or under any system of deferred payment.

It includes any, the beneficiary of services when such services are availed of with the approval of the person concerned, but does not include a person who avails of such services for any commercial purpose.

Consumer Protection and Common Problems faced by a Consumer in Market Place, Consumer awareness refers to the measures adopted to safeguard the interest and rights of consumers and to help them in getting their grievances redressed.

Finally, Consumer protection means, protecting the consumers from unscrupulous, exploitative, and unfair trade practices of a seller or, a producer to maximize their profits.

Consumer Protection and the common problems faces by Consumers in the Market.

There are many problems which are faced by consumers such as illiteracy, wrong or lack of information, adulteration, no fair return etc.

Explanation:

Targeting consumer interests is a common strategy used by firms today to offer their goods. If a company unit wants to succeed, it must not dare to neglect its customers. However, despite numerous rules and laws, customers continue to face a variety of issues.

Here we will discuss some major problems which are faced by consumers in retail or online markets:

1. Lack of Information or wrong information: In today's scenario many businesses are selling their products through digital advertising which somehow manipulates the information about their products.

2. Illiteracy: Most customers in urban and rural areas lack basic digital literacy, making it difficult for them to comprehend sales tactics or how to use items properly.

3. No Fair Return: Even when the buyer pays a premium amount for the things they buy, they frequently are not satisfied with their purchases.

4. Exploitation: The sellers in the Indian market take advantage of the customers. Sellers inflate prices, stockpile, promote black market products, and create artificial scarcity.

5. Adulteration: Most of the time, despite paying a high price, consumers do not receive pure or, perhaps more accurately, high-quality items. For the purpose of maximising profits, the organisation typically provides contaminated commodities.

6. Irregular Supply: One of the frequent problems consumers face is an erratic availability of goods. This is a result of the lack of the product. The groups artificially create scarcity and raise prices by necessities.

CONSUMER MOVEMENT IN INDIA

The consumer movement arose out of dissatisfaction of the consumers as many unfair practices were being indulged in by the sellers. There was no legal system available to consumers to protect them from exploitation in the market place. For a long time, when a consumer was

not happy with a particular brand product or shop, he or she generally avoided buying that brand product, or would stop purchasing from that shop. It was presumed that it was the responsibility of consumers to be careful while buying a commodity

or service. It took many years for organisations in India, and around the world, to create awareness

amongst people. This has also shifted the responsibility of ensuring quality of goods and services on the sellers.

In India, the consumer movement as a ‘social force’ originated with the necessity of protecting and promoting the interests of consumers against unethical and unfair trade practices. Rampant food shortages, hoarding, black marketing, adulteration of food and edible oil gave birth to the consumer movement in an organised form in the 1960s. Till the 1970s, consumer organisations were largely

engaged in writing articles and holding exhibitions. They formed consumer groups to look into the

malpractices in ration shops and overcrowding in the road passenger transport. More recently, India

witnessed an upsurge in the number of consumer groups.

Consumer Protection Act 1986:

The Consumer Protection Bill, of 1986 seeks to provide for better protection of the interests of consumers and for the purpose, to make provision for the establishment of Consumer councils and other authorities for the settlement of consumer disputes and for matters connected therewith. It also ensures speedy and simple redressal of consumer disputes,

1. THREE TIER SYSTEM

The government established a three-tier system of redressal under the Consumer Protection Act. It includes the district, state, and national level consumer dispute redressal fora. This three-tier system of redressal courts ensures that the consumers have the assurance of speedy justice with simple procedures and fewer expenses.

The three tier machinery under the Consumer Protection Act for redressal of consumers grievances consists of:

i District Forum: The District Forum consists of a President and two other members one of whom should be a woman. They all are appointed by the State Government concerned. A complaint can be made to the appropriate District Forum when the value of the goods or services in question along with the compensation claimed does not exceed Rs.20 lakhs. On receiving the complaint the District Forum shall refer the complaint to the party against whom the complaint is filed. If required the goods or a sample there of shall be sent for testing in a laboratory. The District Forum shall pass an order after considering the test report from the laboratory and hearing to the party against whom the complaint is filed. In case the aggrieved party is not satisfied with the order of the District Forum he can appeal before the State Commission within 30 days of the passing of the order.

ii State Commission: Each State Commission consists of a President and not less than two other members one of whom should be a woman. They are appointed by the State Government concerned. A complaint can to be made to the appropriate State Commission when the value of the goods or services in question along with the compensation claimed exceeds Rs.20 lakhs but does not exceed Rs.1 crore. The appeals against the orders of a District Forum can also be filed before the State Commission. On receiving the complaint the State Commission shall refer the complaint to the party against whom the complaint is filed. If required the goods or a sample there of shall be sent for testing in a laboratory. The State Commission shall pass an order after considering the test report from the laboratory and hearing to the party against whom the complaint is filed. In case the aggrieved party is not satisfied with the order of the State Commission he can appeal before the National Commission within 30 days of the passing of the order.

iii National Commission: The National Commission consists of a President and at least four other members one of whom should be a woman. They are appointed by the Central Government. A complaint can to be made to the National Commission when the value of the goods or services in question along with the compensation claimed exceeds Rs.1 crore. The appeals against the orders of a State Commission can also be filed before the National Commission. On receiving the complaint the National Commission shall refer the complaint to the party against whom the complaint is filed. If required the goods or a sample thereof shall be sent for testing in a laboratory. The National Commission shall pass an order after considering tire test report from the laboratory and hearing to the party against whom the complaint is filed.

2. Consumer Rights.

Learning to Become a Well Informed Consumer.

Consumer Awareness is an act of making sure the buyer or consumer is aware of the information about products, goods, services, and consumers rights. Consumer awareness is important so that buyer can take the right decision and make the right choice. Consumers have the right to information, right to choose, right to safety. Let us learn more about Consumer rights, responsibilities and consumer awareness in detail.

Consumer Rights and Responsibilities

Consumer Rights is an insight into what rights consumer holds when it comes to seller which provide the goods. What if the goods provided to the consumer by the business is not up to the standard? Then in that case – what should a consumer do? To be precise, what rights consumer have is in the court of law to fight against the malpractices of the business firms or seller.

Consumer Rights

Right to Safety: This is the first and the most important of the Consumer Rights. They should be protected against the product that hampers their safety. The protection must be against any product which could be hazardous to their health – Mental, Physical or many of the other factors.

Right to Information: They should be informed about the product. The product packaging should list the details which should be informed to the consumer and they should not hide the same or provide false information.

Right to Choose: They should not be forced to select the product. A consumer should be convinced of the product he is about to choose and should make a decision by himself. This also means consumer should have a variety of articles to choose from. Monopolistic practices are not legal.

Right to Heard: If a consumer is dissatisfied with the product purchased then they have all the right to file a complaint against it. And the said complaint cannot go unheard, it must be addressed in an appropriate time frame.

Right to Seek Redressal: In case a product is unable to satisfy the consumer then they have the right to get the product replaced, compensate, return the amount invested in the product. We have a three-tier system of redressal according to the Consumer Protection Act 1986.

Right to Consumer Education: Consumer has the right to know all the information and should be made well aware of the rights and responsibilities of the government. Lack of Consumer awareness is the most important problem our government must solve.

Consumer Responsibilities

Responsibility to be aware – A consumer has to be mindful of the safety and quality of products and services before purchasing.

Responsibility to think independently– Consumer should be well concerned about what they want and need and therefore make independent choices.

Responsibility to speak out- Buyer should be fearless to speak out their grievances and tell traders what they exactly want

Responsibility to complain- It’s consumer responsibility to express and file a complaint about their dissatisfaction with goods or services in a sincere and fair manner.

Responsibility to be an Ethical Consumer- They should be fair and not engage themselves with any deceptive practice.

QUALITY STANDARD MARK

Mark is a standardization mark issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) to certify that the products conform to the minimum quality standards. The Product Certification Scheme of BIS aims at providing Third Party Guarantee of quality, safety and reliability of products to the customer.

CONCLUSION

The Consumer Protection Act is way too complicated, it is constantly changing and it includes various jurisdictions, even though there are separate courts established for consumer right to practice. The main motto of consumers right is described in the following: – 

The primary goal of having consumer rights is to make sure that the consumers get the cash worth of goods and services 

Consumers have the right to prevent products and services that are hazardous to their life and property from marketing cost fixes

The right to obtain information about the size, quality, quantity, and materials included within the product or services is the right of a consumer

A Consumer has the right to get informed about the product or service

It is also a responsibility of a consumer to have the product or service at a fair price 

Israel vs Hamas conflict

Israel vs Palestine conflict

Whole World is worried regarding the ongoing Israel Vs Palestine Conflict 2023 which started after the Hamas Group targeted the major cities of Israel with almost 3000 Rockets in 20 Minutes on 7th October 2023. As we all know Israel responded against a sudden attack launched by the Palestinian Militant Group Hamas early Saturday morning by Bombarding the Gaza Strip with airstrikes on Monday. Israeli ministers have declared a “Complete siege” on the already blockaded and destitute Gaza Strip, denying its two millions residents a supply of food, water and electricity. Hamas has also kidnapped more than one hundred Israeli citizens, soldiers and foreigners. To know more about the Israel Vs Palestine Conflict 2023, Israel Vs Palestine History, Israel Gaza Conflict , Israel Vs Hamas Conflict Reason, Israel Hamas War 2023 Update, Israel Vs Palestine War 2023 Death Toll. 

 Following the outbreak of war between Israel and Hamas on October 7, 2023, President Joe Biden made a strong statement of support for Israel. On the same day that Israel declared war against the terrorist group, the United States announced that it would send renewed shipments of arms and move its Mediterranean Sea warships closer to Israel. While the UN Security Council called an emergency meeting to discuss the renewed violence, the members failed to come to a consensus statement. Given the history of brutality when Israel and Palestinian extremist groups have fought in the past, international groups quickly expressed concern for the safety of civilians in Israel and the Palestinian territories as well as those being held hostage by militants in Gaza. In the first two days of fighting, approximately 800 Israelis and 500 Palestinians were killed. Increasing loss of life is of primary concern in the conflict. While the United States did not immediately confirm reports that Iranian intelligence and security forces directly helped Hamas plan its October 7 attack, Iran has a well-established patronage relationship with Hamas and other extremist groups across the Middle East. In addition to worries that the attacks were a signal from Iran that it is prepared to escalate its malign influence in various Middle Eastern conflicts, experts have expressed concern that another extremist group with Iranian backing, Hezbollah, will be drawn into the war, thereby expanding the conflict beyond Israeli and Palestinian borders.

 On October 9, reports surfaced that the IDF was firing at targets within Lebanon, where Hezbollah is based. An Israeli statement on the matter did not clarify the purpose of the cross-boundary operation. A 2023 effort by the United States to help broker a normalization accord between Israel and Saudi Arabia was thrown into chaos by the October conflict. Saudi Arabia has long advocated for the rights and safety of Palestinian Arab populations in Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza. Especially in Gaza, those populations are now in the path of IDF operations, jeopardizing the progress the Israelis and Saudis made toward common understanding. They had no way to know whether their loved ones were alive or dead. Emergency phone lines stopped ringing. Desperate paramedics tried to save people by driving toward the sound of explosions. Wounded people were left to die in the street. On Friday at sunset, three weeks into Israel’s bombing campaign in Gaza — and as Palestinians braced themselves for an impending Israeli ground invasion — the weak phone and internet service that had allowed some semblance of life to continue inside the blockaded enclave was suddenly severed. Two US officials said the United States believed Israel was responsible for the communications loss, speaking on the condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the issue. 

 UNWRA head warns that further breakdowns of civil order endanger agency's operations in Gaza UNITED NATIONS —

 The head of the U.N. agency for Palestinian refugees is warning that "an immediate humanitarian cease-fire has become a matter of life and death for millions," stressing that "the present and future of Palestinians and Israelis depend on it." Philippe Lazzarini warned during an emergency meeting of the U.N. Security Council Monday that a further breakdown of civil order, following the recent break-ins at the agency's warehouses by panicked Palestinians searching for food and other aid, will make it extremely difficult for the largest U.N. agency in Gaza to continue operating. He said in a virtual briefing that he is worried about a spillover of the conflict and urged all 193 U.N. member nations "to change the trajectory of this crisis." The commissioner-general of the agency known as UNRWA, also said 64 of its staff have been killed in just over three weeks — the latest only two hours prior when UNRWA's head of security in mid-Gaza was killed with his wife and eight children. Lazzarini said most Palestinians in Gaza "feel trapped in a war they have nothing to do with" and "they feel the world is equating all of them to Hamas." He stressed that the Oct. 7 Hamas atrocities in Israel don't absolve Israel from its obligations under international humanitarian law, starting with the protection of civilians.

NATIONALISM IN INDIA

NATIONALISM IN INDIA 

1. Name the writer of the novel ‘Anandamath.’ [CBSE Delhi 2017]

 Answer: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay

 2. Explain the ‘Idea of Satyagraha’. OR What is meant by Satyagraha? [CBSE (AI) 2017] 

 Answer: The idea of Satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for the truth.

 3. What was Rowlatt Act How did the Indians show their disapproval towards this Act [CBSE March 2011] 

 Answer: Rowlatt Act was an oppressive act introduced by the British Government in 1919. It gave the Government enormous powers to repress political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years. Indian Disapproval

 * Mahatma Gandhi reacted sharply and decided to launch a non violent civil disobedience against such unjust law.

 * Rallies were organised in various cities, workers went on strike in railways, workshops and shops closed down. 

 * Peaceful protest meeting were organised at Jallianwala Bagh-Amritsar. 

 4. Why did Mahatma Gandhi join Khilafat issue?

 Answer: Mahatma Gandhi now felt the need to launch a more broad-based movement in India. But he was certain that no such movement could be organised without bringing the Hindus and Muslims closer together. One way of doing this, he felt, was to take up the Khilafat issue. 

 5. Name the famous book written by Mahatma Gandhi. [CBSE (AI) 2017]. 

 Answer: Famous book written by Mahatma Gandhi is ‘Hind Swaraj’. 

 6. What decision was made in Congress session at Nagpur in December 1920? 

 Answer: At the congress session at Nagpur in December 1920, a compromise was worked out and the Non-cooperation Movement was adopted. 

 7. Under which agreement the Indian ‘Depressed Classes’ got reserved seats in the Provincial and Central Legislative Councils in 1932? 

 Answer: Poona pact.

 8. What was Inland Emigration Act of 1859? 

 Answer: Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, plantation workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens without permission and in fact, they were rarely given such permission. 

 9. Who formed Swaraj Party? 

 Answer: C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics.

10. Who was Sir John Simon? 

 Answer: Sir John Simon came from England and sent by new Tory government of Britain and forced a statutory commission to look into functioning of the constitutional system in India. 

 11. What was the impact of the First World War on India [CBSE 2015] 

 Or

 Explain new economic and political situations created in India during the First World War. [CBSE 2008 (O)] 

 Or 

 What was the impact of the First World War on the economic conditions in India? [CBSE March 2011, 2013 (D)]

 Answer: The War created a new economic and political situation :

 (i) It led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes, customs duties were raised, and income tax introduced. 

 (ii) Through the war years, prices increased – doubling between 1913 and 1918 – leading to extreme hardships for the common people.

 (iii) Villagers were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger. 

 12. Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nation wide ‘Satyagraha’ against the proposed Rowlatt Act 1919 Explain any three reasons.

 Or 

 What was the Rowlatt Act How it affected the National Movement.

Answer: (i) Rowlatt Act was passed through the Imperial Legislative Council on a report of the Sedition Committee, headed by Justice Rowlatt. 

 (ii) It was the black act which gave the government and the police to repress political activities, and allowed detention of political prisoners without tried for two years.

 (iii) The Act was passed despite the united opposition of the Indian members of the Council. To defend the powers of Khalifa and to avert harsh peace treaty to be imposed on the Ottoman empire the Khilafat Committee was formed in 1919 in Bombay. 

 14. What were the factors responsible for the gradual slow down of the NonCooperation movement [CBSE 2008 (D), 2013 (D)] 

 Or 

 Why did the Non-Cooperation Movement gradually slow down in the cities Give reasons. [CBSE March 2011, 2014, 21015 (D)] 

 Answer: (i) Expensive Khadi : The Khadi cloth was often more expensive than the mass- produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it.

 (ii) No alternative : The boycott of British institutions posed a problem. For the movement to be successful, alternative Indian institutions, had to be set up so that they could be used in place of the British institutions but these were slow to come up. So students and teachers had no option except joining back government schools, and lawyers joined back work in government courts. 

 (iii) Local movements with different interpretation: Workers, industrialists, peasants, traders had their own understanding, of Gandhiji’s notion of ‘Swaraj.’ They started using violent methods for their demands. All this was not approved by Gandhiji and the Congress. So the movement started losing its shine. 

 15. Why did the tribal people join the Non-Cooperation Movement.

Answer: Most of the tribal people were dependent on forests for their livelihood but under the new Forest Policy, the government had put several restrictions on the people: • Closing large forest area for the tribal people. • Forcing the local people to contribute begar. • Preventing people from entering the forests to graze their cattle, or to collect fuelwood and fruits. All these steps enraged the hill people. Not only were their livelihoods affected, but they felt that their traditional rights were also being denied. So the people revolted. 

 16. Explain the circumstances under which Non-cooperation Movement was withdrawn. 

 Or 

 Why was the Non-Cooperation Movement withdrawn by Gandhiji in February 1922. Explain the reasons. [CBSE 2015 (D)] 

 Or 

 Explain the conditions of the plantation workers during the colonial rule in India. [CBSE 2012] 

 Answer: In February 1922, Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement due to the following reasons- 

 (i) The movement was turning violent. At Chauri-Chaura in Gorakhpur, a peaceful demonstration in a bazar turned into a violent clash in which more than 20 policemen were killed. 

 (ii) Gandhiji felt that the Satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggle. 

 (iii) Within the Congress, some leaders were tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate This Act became one of the factors due to which Gandhiji launched Non-Cooperation Movement. 

 17. Explain the role of Ambedkar in uplifting the dalits or the depressed classes. [CBSE March 2011] 

Answer: (i) Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar was of the opinion that only political empowerment would resolve their problems of social injustice. 

(ii) Due to his efforts, Dalits began organising themselves, demanding reserved seats in educational institutions and separate electorate that would choose the dalit members for legislative councils. 

(iii) In 1930, Ambedkar entered national politics. In the same year, he organised the Depressed Classes Association to make them politically more strong. 

(iv) He was nominated as a delegate of the oppressed classes for the Second Round Table Conference. In that Round Table Conference, he clashed with Mahatma Gandhi by demanding separate electorates for dalits. 

(v) He demanded a separate electorates for dalits. To give them political power he signed Poona Pact. The Poona Pact gave the depressed classes reserved seats in provincial and central legislative councils.

The First World War ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. There were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be imposed on the Ottoman emperor, the spiritual head of the Islam world. The Sultan was deprived of real authority even over those territories which were left under his control. This angered the Muslims in India.

Physical education ( Yoga and Motofitness test) Class 12

What is yoga?

Yoga is an ancient physical and spiritual discipline and branch of philosophy that originated in India reportedly more than 5,000 years ago. The word yoga comes from the Sanskrit word yuj, which means to yoke, join, or unite. The Iyengar school of yoga defines yuj as the "joining or integrating of all aspects of the individual - body with mind and mind with soul - to achieve a happy, balanced and useful life." The ultimate aim of yoga, they claim, is to reach kaivalya (emancipation or ultimate freedom).

History and Development of Yoga:

The practice of Yoga is believed to have started with the very dawn of civilization. The science of yoga has its origin thousands of years ago, long before the first religions or belief systems were born. In the yogic lore, Shiva is seen as the first yogi or Adiyogi, and the first Guru or Adi Guru.

Several Thousand years ago, on the banks of the lake Kantisarovar in the Himalayas, Adiyogi poured his profound knowledge into the legendary Saptarishis or "seven sages”. The sages carried this powerful yogic science to different parts of the world, including Asia, the Middle East, Northern Africa and South America. 

The period between 1700 - 1900 A.D. is considered as Modern period in which the great Yogacharyas- Ramana Maharshi, Ramakrishna Paramhansa, Paramhansa Yogananda, Vivekananda etc. have contributed for the development of Raja Yoga.This was the period when Vedanta, Bhakti yoga, Nathayoga or Hatha-yoga flourished. The Shadanga-yoga of Gorakshashatakam, Chaturanga-yoga of Hathayogapradipika, Saptanga-yoga of Gheranda Samhita, were the main tenents of Hatha-yoga.

Meditative asanas:

Meditative asanas as the name suggests, facilitate meditation. These asanas are aimed at providing concentration stability peace, and calmness to the mind. They provide a comfortable and stable position to the body in order to make the mind steady for practicing Dharna, Dhyana, and Samadhi this group of asanas consist of poses in which one can sit comfortably for a long time. 

1 Siddhasana (Adept Pose)

It improves immunity. It has a balancing effect on the nerves or nadis. To get benefitted from this pose, sit with the legs straight. Bend the right leg and place the foot very close to the body on the floor. Now bend the left leg and place the left foot on top of the right calf. The sole of the foot touches the right thigh. Pull the toes of the right foot up between the thigh and the calf of the left leg and the toes of the left foot down between the thigh and the calf of the right leg. If it is difficult to keep the body upright or the knees do not rest on the floor, then use a cushion to sit upon.

2. Vajrasana (Sitting on the heels)

It stimulates proper digestion therefore it is recommended to sit in vajrasana for about 5-10 minutes after a meal.

Initiate steps towards proper digestion by coming up onto the knees (knee stand). The legs are together. The big toes touch each other, the heels point slightly outwards. Tilt the upper body forward and then sit back between the heels. The trunk is upright. Place the hands on the thighs.

3. Sukhasana 

The first step is to folds the legs so that each leg rests on top of the opposite foot. This is a popular crossed-legged seated posture. For reasons to be explained, it’s usually not considered a meditative posture.

 Relaxative asanas:

Relaxing yoga helps you find balance and serenity. Yogic breathing and poses unburden your body of tension locks created in it all day long.

1. Balasana (Child Pose)

Balasana or the Child Pose resembles the fetal position of a baby. ‘Bala’ is a Sanskrit word that means child. It is a beginner level Vinyasa yoga asana. This asana should be practiced on an empty stomach. Hold the pose for 1 to 3 minutes for best results.

2. Makarasana (Crocodile Pose)

Makarasana or the Crocodile Pose resembles a crocodile with its head above the water. The pose is perfect to end a strenuous yoga session. It is a beginner level Hatha yoga asana. Practice Makarasana on an empty stomach, preferably in the morning. Hold it for 3-5 minutes.

4. Supta Matsyendrasana: 

Supta Matsyendrasana or the Reclining Fish Pose is twisting pose and is named after a yogi called Matsyendra, a disciple of Lord Shiva. It is a beginner level Hatha yoga asana. Practice the asana on an empty stomach and clean bowels. Hold it for 30 to 60 seconds.

Correcting Yoga Asanas:

• Tadasana or tree pose. For this, stand with your legs and feet joined. 

• Parsvottanasana or intense side stretch. For this, get yourself in the mountain pose with your left foot slightly behind you. 

• Halasana or plough pose. Lie down on your back with your feet flat on the floor.

Yoga asanas for improved memory and concentration

Paschimottanasana:

This asana stretches the spine, calms the brain, and helps relieve stress and mild depression. Paschimottanasana reduces negative emotions like irritability and anger and energises your body. It is also a great yoga pose to massage and tone the abdominal and pelvic organs.

Ustrasana:

Ustrasana activates your nervous system, improves digestion and respiration. It also improves your posture by strengthening and stretching your back and shoulders. This yoga pose stimulates the endocrine glands and reduces fat in the body.

Setu Bandhasana:

The bridge pose can help calm the brain and the nervous system, thereby reducing the symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression. It improves blood circulation to the brain and helps in strengthening and stretching the neck and spine.

Savasana:

One of the easiest yet most effective yoga poses to release stress, fatigue, depression, and tension. Savasana or the corpse pose improves concentration and sleep quality, calms the mind and promotes mental health. This pose is also beneficial for people suffering from neurological problems, diabetes, asthma, constipation, indigestion. Surprisingly, Savasana may also help you lose weight by relaxing your mind and body.

Explain the Barrow's three General motor fitness test in detail:

Barrow’s Three-items General Motor Ability Test Motor abilities play a very vital role in achieving apex position in games and sports. Motor fitness involves speed, agility, power, coordination, strength and so on. These components of fitness are necessary for competing at top levels.

1. Standing long/broad jump:

 Purpose: To measure explosive power of the legs. 

 Equipment: Measuring tape, non-slipery floor, mat.

Procedure: (i) Stand behind marked starting line. 

 (ii) Feet slightly apart 

(iii) Swing your arms back and forth rthymically and bend the knees. 

 (iv) The athlete takes off and lands using both feet, arm swing and bend knees provide forward drive. 

 (v) The subject attempts to land as far as possible. 

 (vi) Landing on both the feet without falling backwards. 

 (vii) Three attempts are allowed.

Pull-Up Test (boys)

purpose: This test measures upper body strength and endurance.

equipment required: Horizontal overhead bar, at an adequate height so that the participants can hang from it with arms fully extended and feet not touching the floor (see pull-up bars).

pre-test: Explain the test procedures to the subject. Perform screening of health risks and obtain informed consent. Prepare forms and record basic information such as age, height, body weight, gender and test conditions. Measure and record the height of the bar. Perform a standard warm-up. See more details of pre-test procedures.

procedure: The pull-ups are performed starting from a dead hang (arms fully extended and locked), body motionless, feet off the floor. The grip can be either with both palms facing forward or to the rear, though with both facing in the same direction. From this starting position, a pull-up is performed without excessive body motion, and the body is lifted until the chin has cleared the top of the bar. The body is then lowered until his arms are fully extended or locked out. One complete pull-up is counted when the Marine's arms are locked out. This procedure is repeated until the Marine has reached the maximum 20 complete pull-ups, or can no longer complete a pull-up.

Flex leg sit-up test:

purpose: This test measures the endurance of the abdominal and hip-flexor muscles.

equipment required: flat ground, stopwatch

pre-test: Explain the test procedures to the subject. Perform screening of health risks and obtain informed consent. Prepare forms and record basic information such as age, height, body weight, gender, test conditions. Perform an appropriate warm-up. See more details of pre-test procedures.

procedure: The aim of this test is to perform as many sit-ups as you can in two minutes. The starting position is lying on your back with your knees bent and feet flat on the floor. The arms are folded across and the chest, and must maintain no gap between the forearms and the chest at all times. A second person is permitted to hold the lower legs or ankles. On the command ‘go,’ start the crunch by raising your upper body forward until the elbows or forearms touch the thighs, and then lower the torso until the shoulder blades touch the ground. This is one complete sit up.

Shuttle run:

purpose: depending on the distance and duration of the test, the shuttle run test will measure agility, anaerobic, aerobic fitness, or some combination of these.

usual equipment required: non-slip surface, marker cones, measurement tape, stopwatch.

pre-test: Explain the test procedures to the subject. Perform screening of health risks and obtain informed consent. Prepare forms and record basic information such as age, height, body weight, gender, test conditions (indoor/outdoor, surface type). Measure and mark out the test area. Perform an appropriate warm-up, including running at increasing speeds and incorporating turns. See more details of pre-test procedures.

procedure: Shuttle run tests require the participant to run back and forth between two lines or markers, at a particular pace or as quick as possible. Some tests use a set distance to shuttle between, others may use a ladder shuttle, in which the shuttle distance changes with each run.